When Americans woke up on November 8, 2000—the day after the presidential elections—it was unclear whether Democrat Al Gore or Republican George W. Bush had won. There had been anomalies in the polls in Florida, and there was uncertainty as to which candidate the state should award its electoral votes, which would decide the election.

As four counties in particular in Florida came under scrutiny, it became increasingly obvious that a significant part of the problem had been caused by bad ballot design.

2000 Presidential Ballot, Palm Beach County, Florida by InSapphoWeTrust

The so-called butterfly ballots at the heart of the controversy featured two rows of names set to the left and right of a central spine. Voters cast their votes by punching out holes down the center, which corresponded to their choice of candidate on either side of the spine.

While the option for George W. Bush was clear (the first hole), the option for Al Gore (the third hole) was not as obvious to voters, many of whom assumed the second name on the left would correspond to the second hole.

Moreover, machines counting the votes were unable to read ballots with “hanging chads,” a byproduct of incompletely-punched holes.

Lifelong Democrats were appalled to discover they might have voted for a conservative Reform Party candidate, Patrick Buchanan (the choice on the butterfly ballot below Bush, but above Gore). Buchanan himself conceded his unusually high numbers in certain areas were likely due to ballot confusion.

There were many elements of the 2000 election in Florida that point blatant unfairness—namely, the disenfranchisement of at least 12,000 voters who should have been eligible to vote. The butterfly ballot, though, was probably more of a design fail.

Ballots are an essential component to a working democracy, yet they are rarely created (or even reviewed) by design professionals.

5th century BC Athenian ostraka inscribed with the name of a politician proposed for exile, or: ostracism by Giovanni Dall’Orto

One of the oldest recorded instances of a vote is found in the ancient Greek playThe Eumenides by Aeschylus. In the story, twelve jurors line up and take turns placing a stone in one urn to signify ‘guilty’ or another to signify ‘not guilty.’

The County Election shows a polling judge administering an oath to a voter in 1846

A similar lack of privacy can be found in early United states elections, where votes were cast aloud. Casting a vote publicly left voters susceptible to intimidation; voters who did vote their conscience  could not always verify that their vote had been accurately recorded or counted at all. The polls could be so raucous that they were sometimes invoked as an argument against women’s suffrage—elections were, some argued, no place for a lady.

A specialized ballot box used to assist ballot stuffing, featured in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper in 1856.

Paper ballots eventually replaced the voice vote. At first, ballots were printed by political parties and handed out near polling places, or published in newspapers. Voting for candidates across party lines (a “split ticket”) involved physically altering the ballot, sometimes by cutting and pasting in pieces of paper with the names of the desired candidates not on the ballot.

Paste pot and ballot for voting across political party lines via AmericanHistory.si.edu

But this system was not without problems, either—a non-standard ballot created many opportunities for fraud. The process left much to be desired in terms of transparency and simplicity.

A voter putting her envelope into a clear ballot box during the 2007 French presidential election by Rama

Eventually, the Australian ballot system was introduced in the United States, with government-issued ballots available at polling places. This, in turn, led to voting machines that interfaced with paper ballots, and, eventually, electronic voting machines.

But voting systems still vary tremendously from county to county, because elections in the United States are run at hyperlocal levels. And ballot design is often a matter of law, and the laws can vary from county to county, and state to state.

Good ballot design is mainly a matter of following good design principles in general—familiar territory for graphic designers, but not necessarily so for election officials. It helps, for instance, to keep fonts large and legible, and tie candidates clearly to their associated boxes or bubbles. Running usability tests before deployment can also help catch mistakes early.

There are a number of initiatives, such as the Anywhere Ballot from the Center for Civic Design, currently working to combat poorly-designed ballots. The Center for Civic Design has also released a series of Field Guides To Ensuring Voter Intent.

As the election official’s mantra goes: “may the margins be wide.”

Contested ballot cast in the 2008 Minnesota elections by Lucas Davenport

Producer Sam Greenspan spoke with Jean Greenspan, his grandmother and a lifelong Democrat living in the contested county of Palm Beach, Florida; Erik Herron, the Eberly Family professor of political science at West Virginia University; and user experience designer Dana Chisnell of the Center for Civic Design.