As recently as two weeks ago, Gary Vollmer was absolutely certain that on May 21, 2011, God would send devastating earthquakes, raise believers to heaven in the “rapture,” and then destroy the world five months later. Now that it hasn’t happened, Vollmer is unfazed.

“God is God, God’s going to do what he has to do,” he says.

True, he says, believers got some of the details wrong. But the thrust of the message is right.

“Judgment day has come and passed, but it was a spiritual judgment on the world,” he explains. “There is no more salvation. Salvation is over with. The fact is we have 153 days, and on the 21st of October, the world will end.”

I profiled several believers before May 21. The day after, most didn’t answer the phone. Those who did wouldn’t talk on the record. But one man, his voice quavering, said he was still holding out hope that they were one day off. Another believer asserted that their prayers worked: God delayed judgment so that more people could be saved, but the end is “imminent.”

Tom Evans was contrite. Evans is on the board of Family Radio, the organization led by Harold Camping, who calculated and promoted the May 21 date.

“I don’t know where we went wrong other than that we obviously don’t understand the Scriptures in the way that we should,” he says.

Camping has yet to make a statement, but Evans hopes they will not recalculate and announce a new date for Judgment Day. After all, they’ve done that at least once before — in 1994 — and he believes they’ve learned a lesson.

“This kind of thing has a long history,” says Jerry Walls, an expert on escatology, or the study of the End Times, at the University of Notre Dame.

He says there have been dozens of doomsday prophets, though most don’t pinpoint a date. One of the most famous was William Miller, a farmer and amateur Bible scholar. Miller persuaded many people that Jesus would return in 1844. And when he didn’t, people were crushed.

“One of their followers said they ‘wept and wept all night until we could weep no more,’” Walls says. There was “just this utter sense of devastation because these people had sold out. And when it did not materialize, their lives were shattered in many ways.”

They eventually decided that the judgment had occurred — but it happened in heaven. From that was born a new denomination, the Seventh Day Adventists.

It’s too early to know how believers will cope with Saturday’s failed prophecy in the long run. Some will admit they were wrong, but experts say most will find a way to rationalize their beliefs.

“It’s very hard for us to say, ‘Boy, was I stupid!’” says Elliot Aronson, a prominent psychologist and co-author of the book “Mistakes Were Made But Not By Me.”

“The more committed a person is to their prophecy,” he says, “the more likely they are to justify that action, and to try to convince people that their belief was in some way right or good.”

Before May 21, many believers quit their jobs, left their families and gave their savings to Family Radio, which then sent out caravans and put up billboards announcing the end. Evans says now that the date has passed, all they can do is pick up and move on.

“I don’t know what the future holds for Family Radio or for any of us,” he says. “We just have to pray that God will be merciful.”

Evans says he hopes the organization will repay people who gave their money to the cause. But at this point he can’t guarantee it. Copyright 2011 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.